静态红外地平仪大角度测量模型及误差研究

卫星姿态变化时,静态红外地平仪的成像面与地平圆之间的夹角也会随着变化,因此会造成地平圆在地平仪成像面上成像的变化,进而导致地平仪大角度测量误差增大。为解决此问题,建立了随卫星姿态变化时地平圆在静态外红地平仪成像面上的成像模型,通过STK仿真对该模型进行验证,并给出了一种基于该模型的地平仪测量误差校正的方法,为卫星姿态测量与控制提供补偿和精度保证。     

基于三维仿真的飞行姿态与航迹监控软件的设计

三维仿真技术在试飞试验领域越来越得到重视与应用。本文介绍了基于三维仿真技术的飞行姿态与航迹监控软件的总体设计结构,并着重阐述了主要组成模块的功能、设计方法与应用效果。该软件的成功研制,使得能够从全局的角度对目标试验机的姿态、位置及系统状态进行掌控。同时,利用回放能够逼真再现飞行全过程,可作为飞行演示和事后分析的一种手段。该软件在提高试飞效率和保障试飞安全方面发挥着重要作用。     

地磁坐标系下变姿态空间相机的外热流计算

为了提供准确的空间相机外热流数据,提出一种在地磁坐标系下进行频繁姿态变换的空间相机瞬态外热流计算方法。首先,确定了在J2000坐标系下太阳地球的相对位置及太阳辐照强度;其次,计算相机不同位置的地磁纬度,并采用二分法得到相机在轨运行时进出高磁纬地区(|L|60)的轨道时间;然后,依据其地磁纬度,确定相机不同时刻下的在轨姿态。最后,采用蒙特卡洛法(MCM)计算相机的各环境映射面的轨道视角系数,进而得出整轨周期内各环境映射面接受的瞬时外热流。此方法与IDEAS/TMG软件的外热流结果能够较好的吻合。与姿态稳定的相机相比,空间相机姿态频繁变化会导致外热流数值的明显波动。尤其是入光口所在的+Z面,其波动范围为0~1 245.4 W/m2。     

曲面光斑面积变化模型及其对熔覆质量的影响

目的 建立一种计算曲面工件激光光斑面积变化的数学模型,研究光斑面积在多大范围内变化对熔覆质量的影响最小。方法 采用高斯曲率的倒数作为曲率球的半径,利用曲率球代替NURBS曲面微小单元,通过圆柱体与球体相贯的数学分析方法求取截交面积,进而推导出NURBS曲面光斑面积的数学模型,采用CATIA软件作对比,进行验证。结果 该数学模型得出的结果与CATIA计算的结果相对误差不超过0.2%,满足工程应用。对模型中影响光斑面积大小的三个因素（离焦量、光束姿态、曲率）进行分析表明,影响光斑面积大小的最主要因素是光束姿态。在此基础上,以Q235为母材,KF310粉末为熔覆材料,调整光束姿态分别以0?、10?、20?、30?、40?为入射角进行激光熔覆,测试和分析得出,在0?、10?、20?时,单道熔覆层宽度随空间夹角及光斑面积的增大而增大,熔覆高度随光斑面积增大而减小,熔覆层与基体之间存在亮白色界面,这是凝固初期界面处生长出的平面晶,说明形成了冶金结合。而30?、40?时的单道熔覆层宽度变化不明显,在熔覆道边缘出现粘粉现象,冶合质量不高。结论 光斑面积变化在增加8%的范围内可以保证激光熔覆沉积层的质量,通过该算法的应用可以满足激光再制造快速响应的要求。     

Attitude control of spacecraft simulator without angular velocity measurement

In this paper the attitude control of a spacecraft simulator using Reaction Wheels (RW) as the actuators is investigated. The main goal of the current study is to bring the RWs to the rest at the end of the maneuver without angular velocity measurement. A modified feedback linearization controller is applied by considering the Euler angles of the simulator as the output and the RWs angular momentums as the internal state variables. The stability of the proposed controller and the internal dynamics is analyzed using Lyapunov theory. Two modified sliding mode observers are designed to estimate the angular velocities of the spacecraft attitude control subsystem simulator. The proposed observers do not use the control input and the detailed knowledge of the model and thus it can be implemented easily. The global stability of the system is proved. The proposed controller and observers are finally evaluated numerically and experimentally on an attitude spacecraft simulator.     

某大机动无人机基于飞行任务的敏捷性评估飞行科目设计与仿真

由于现代空战的特点，根据时间量级分类的单维度的敏捷性评估已经不能满足空战的需求。为了优化控制系统的设计，最大限度地发挥飞机的飞行性能，需要对大机动无人机进行基于飞行任务的敏捷性评估。针对大机动无人机敏捷性评估的特点，从20个标准评估机动任务集中选取了3种与某无人机实际使用相关性较强的飞行任务作为其评估机动，展开了无人机基于飞行任务的敏捷性评估和仿真验证。对选取的3种飞行任务进行了详细的敏捷性评估方法描述，在通用的无人机敏捷性评估仿真环境中对加入非线性飞行控制律的某大机动无人机进行了基于3种飞行任务的敏捷性评估仿真验证，根据评估结果对控制律进行调参，为控制律设计提供指南和优化依据。     

单线激光雷达与GNSS/INS的空间重构

为了解决多线激光雷达在三维空间重构任务中数据吞吐量过大导致运算负担过重以及扫描俯仰范围有限的问题,本文提出了一种利用单线激光雷达与惯性测量单元GNSS/INS相互结合的多站点扫描空间重构方案及相应解算方法。首先使用单线激光雷达扫描待测空间获取三维尺度信息,然后将点云数据与对应的任意方向的航向角相结合,再利用四元数姿态解算获取各站点扫描的点云图像。为提高计算效率,使用迭代最近点算法实现站点间点云配准时,对待匹配点云数据筛选并更新。实验结果表明在保留点云数字特征前提下,单线激光雷达与GNSS/INS系统能够提高76%的运算速率。本文提出的硬件方案和解算方法不但能够实现较高的配准精度,与多线激光雷达方案相比工程成本也得到显著下降。     

Putting the organic label in context: Examining the interactions between the organic label,product type,and retail outlet

The organic label has been studied extensively in the literature; however, few studies take into consideration the context in which the organic purchase takes place. In this study, we examine the product type (virtue vs. vice) as well as the purchase context (retailer: Target vs. Walmart). Using an online experiment with U.S. consumers (N = 605), we determine how the organic label interacts with each of these contexts and how these interactions impact downstream evaluations such as expected taste, nutrition, safety, likelihood of purchase, and attitude and trust toward the product’s brand. Results of the study reveal both the organic label and retail context impact product evaluations. First, results showed organic products were perceived more favorably on a number of measures (including nutrition, safety, brand attitude, and brand trust) than their non-organic counterparts, providing evidence of an organic “halo” effect. Interestingly, though, the organic “halo” did not extend to two measures: expected taste and likelihood of purchase. Secondly, organic labeling benefits virtue and vice products in distinct aspects – the organic virtue product had better expected taste while the organic vice product had higher expected nutrition. Finally, we find that retailers are a crucial factor that moderates the evaluation of organic products. Our results suggest retailers like Target may be better outlets for promoting organic vice products whereas retailers like Walmart may only be good outlets for promoting organic virtue products. This study has important implications for the National Organic Program, the Organic Trade Association, producers, and food brand managers.     

A machine-vision inspection system for conveying attitudes of columnar objects in packing processes

This paper is a new study on developing a machine vision system for inspecting the conveying attitudes of columnar objects. The presented system consists of image pre-processing, feature extraction, and attitude diagnosis. First of all, in order to segment the objects from the background (namely image pre-processing), an improved maximum between-class variance method is proposed for searching a histogram peak and calculating a threshold value based on the statistics and probability, to solve the problems caused by the non-uniform brightness in a realistic conveyor belt. Then, an open morphological operation is used to eliminate the noise from the binary images produced in the pre-processing step. In the second step (feature extraction), the features of columnar objects are determined by four methods, edge line detecting method, intercepting method, rectangle locating method and feature statistic method. Finally, the diagnosis for the conveying attitudes of columnar objects is based on a hybrid classifier using random forests, and a fuzzy logic. The proposed system is applied to a realistic process for packing industrial explosives. The results of experiments show that the proposed system allows efficient and accurate 100% inspection for the conveying attitude, which ensures the high speed and steady operation of a packing line.     

Cooperation in the evolutionary iterated prisoner’s dilemma game with risk attitude adaptation

The Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma (IPD) game has been commonly used to investigate the cooperation among competitors. However, most previous studies on the IPD focused solely on maximizing players’ average payoffs without considering their risk preferences. By introducing the concept of income stream risk into the IPD game, this paper presents a novel evolutionary IPD model with agents seeking to balance between average payoffs and risks with respect to their own risk attitudes. We build a new IPD model of multiple agents, in which agents interact with one another in the pair-wise IPD game while adapting their risk attitudes according to their received payoffs. Agents become more risk averse after their payoffs exceed their aspirations, or become more risk seeking after their payoffs fall short of their aspirations. The aspiration levels of agents are determined based on their historical self-payoff information or the payoff information of the agent population. Simulations are conducted to investigate the emergence of cooperation under these two comparison methods. Results indicate that agents can sustain a highly cooperative equilibrium when they consider only their own historical payoffs as aspirations (called historical comparison) in adjusting their risk attitudes. This holds true even for the IPD with a short game encounter, for which cooperation was previously demonstrated difficult. However, when agents evaluate their payoffs in comparison with the population average payoff (called social comparison), those agents with payoffs below the population average tend to be dissatisfied with the game outcomes. This dissatisfaction will induce more risk-seeking behavior of agents in the IPD game, which will constitute a strong deterrent to the emergence of mutual cooperation in the population.